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On Becoming an Artist

On Becoming an Artist

Reinventing Yourself Through Mindful Creativity
by Ellen J. Langer 2006 304 pages
3.75
352 ratings
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Key Takeaways

1. Embrace Mindful Creativity for an Enlivened Life

Beginning an artistic activity is one way to help us move from excessive mindlessness to a more mindful life.

Mindfulness is key. Many of us live in a state of mindlessness, missing the richness of life by operating on autopilot. This default state, often born from repetition or unquestioned information, leads to boredom and missed opportunities. Mindful creativity, however, offers a powerful antidote, awakening us to the present moment and transforming mundane experiences into exciting ones.

Personal renaissance. The author's unexpected journey into painting, sparked by a rainy day and simple encouragement, illustrates this awakening. Without rules or expectations, she found herself fully present and engaged, experiencing profound joy. This "personal renaissance" is available to anyone willing to shed preconceived notions and fully immerse themselves in a new activity, whether it's painting, music, or gardening.

Effortless process. Mindfulness is not about achieving an altered state but about drawing novel distinctions—noticing new things. This simple act makes us sensitive to context and perspective, breaking free from rigid mindsets. By engaging creatively, we train ourselves to be mindful, allowing an internal "bell" to sound whenever mindlessness creeps in, signaling an opportunity to re-engage with life.

2. Shed the Tyranny of Evaluation

The tyranny evaluation holds over us is the most important roadblock we need to overcome to achieve a personal renaissance.

Fear of judgment. Our greatest barrier to creative expression is the fear of negative evaluation from others. We internalize external judgments as objective truths, leading us to avoid activities where we might "fail." This evaluative mindset, ingrained from childhood, dictates our responses and stifles our natural inclination to explore and create.

Subjective criteria. Evaluations are inherently subjective and context-dependent, not absolute. What is considered "art" or "good" changes across cultures, time periods, and individual perspectives. For example, Manet's Déjeuner sur l’herbe, initially criticized as vulgar, later defined Impressionism. Accepting evaluations as fixed robs us of the opportunity to appreciate diverse perspectives and our own unique contributions.

Self-defeating cycle. When we accept evaluations, we cede our right to choose and become reactive rather than active. Even compliments can be dangerous, as they reinforce our vulnerability to external judgment. By recognizing that all behavior makes sense from the actor's perspective, we can question negative evaluations—both from others and ourselves—and free ourselves from this self-defeating cycle.

3. Welcome Mistakes as Pathways to Discovery

Mistakes are signals that we went off our predetermined course, but they can present us with choices we may not otherwise have recognized.

Redefining errors. Our aversion to mistakes stems from a rigid belief in plans and a negative evaluation of unexpected outcomes. However, mistakes are not failures but rather opportunities for mindfulness and discovery. The author's experience of accidentally whitewashing a painting, only to find it more mysterious and appealing, exemplifies how "errors" can lead to unforeseen creative breakthroughs.

Context-dependent. What constitutes a "mistake" is entirely context-dependent. A spring deemed unsuitable for naval purposes became the iconic Slinky toy. The imperfections in a handmade Oriental rug make it more valuable than a machine-made one. By embracing mistakes, we are encouraged to deviate from rigid plans, placing ourselves squarely in the present to create something new and unique.

Learning cues. Mistakes encourage mindfulness by forcing us to re-engage with the present moment. Instead of self-condemnation, we can view them as puzzles to solve or cues for learning. This shift in perspective allows us to incorporate the unexpected, leading to more interesting and authentic results, as demonstrated in studies where participants who incorporated "mistakes" into their drawings enjoyed the process more and produced preferred outcomes.

4. Question Absolutes and Human-Made Rules

Too often, we follow rules as if they have an inherent logic that is reasonable across all contexts.

Rules are human-made. We often treat rules and absolutes as objective truths, forgetting that they were created by people with limited knowledge, specific motivations, and biases. This unquestioning acceptance limits our choices and stifles creativity. Asking "Who says so?" and "Why was this rule made?" helps us recognize their arbitrary nature and contextual limitations.

Contextual flexibility. Rules should guide, not govern, our behavior. Driving on the right side of the road is a general rule, but an ice patch might make steering left more sensible. Similarly, in a nursing home, a resident wanting a peanut butter sandwich instead of dining room food might signal a need to question the "policy," not condemn the resident. Recognizing this flexibility is crucial for creative endeavors.

Unveiling choices. By putting people and context back into the equation, we unveil the inherent uncertainty masked by absolutes. This awareness increases our information search, reduces stress, and encourages risk-taking. Studies show that when people understand that tests or artistic standards are human-made and subjective, they feel more competent and are more willing to engage creatively.

5. Abandon Social Comparison for Authentic Self-Expression

When we compare ourselves to others, we don’t often ask ourselves whether they were performing particularly well at that moment and whether the next time out they are likely to show something different.

The comparison trap. Social comparison is a pervasive, yet often inaccurate and detrimental, habit. We compare ourselves to others to bolster self-esteem or motivate ourselves, but these comparisons are frequently based on exaggerated perceptions of others' abilities ("genius effect") and ignore contextual influences or typical performance fluctuations. This leads to feelings of inadequacy and discourages creative pursuits.

Mindless evaluation. Comparisons are evaluative, arbitrary, and often lack crucial information about intent or typicality. They freeze our self-perception on isolated dimensions, ignoring the fluidity of our abilities and the situational factors influencing performance. The author's experience with a fellow artist, who felt inferior due to canvas count, highlights how easily we fall into this trap, even when the comparison is illogical.

Embrace individuality. Giving up social comparison allows us to embrace our unique individuality and the present situation. Instead of seeking validation from others, we can focus on our own process and authentic expression. Studies show that frequent social comparisons correlate with more negative feelings (guilt, regret, blame) and lower self-esteem. By making more distinctions among people, we reduce prejudice and foster a richer, less judgmental self-perception.

6. Debunk the Myth of Talent: Focus on Learnable Skills

The truth is that much of what we ascribe to talent arises from a set of skills that can be learned.

Talent is a skill. The pervasive belief that talent is an innate, fixed quality ("either you have it or you don't") is a significant roadblock to creative engagement. This mindset leads most people to prematurely conclude they lack ability. In reality, much of what is called "talent" is a collection of learnable skills, and even "talented" individuals like Picasso or Tiger Woods face struggles and uncertainties.

Break it down. Any complex skill or "talent" can be broken down into smaller, manageable components. Non-artists often list vague abstractions like "creativity," while actual artists identify concrete skills such as eye-hand coordination or understanding color. When these specific skills are presented, many who believe they lack talent realize they possess several of them, making the pursuit seem less daunting.

Process over outcome. Our admiration for the final product (the masterpiece, the perfect shot) often blinds us to the arduous process, the false starts, and the continuous learning involved. The "talented" are simply more willing to start, experiment, and persist in the face of uncertainty. By focusing on the "how" rather than the "can I do it," and by accepting that "uncontrolled" merely means "not yet controlled," we unlock our potential for growth and enjoyment in any creative endeavor.

7. Overcome the Blindness of Knowing by Noticing Novelty

The most beautiful thing we can experience is the mysterious.

Expectations blind us. Our minds, seeking efficiency, often operate on autopilot, causing us to "look but not see." Familiarity, while useful for quick communication, can lead to a "blindness of knowing," where we miss subtle details and novel distinctions because we assume we already know what's there. This is evident in everyday examples like missing a repeated word in a familiar phrase or failing to identify a common penny.

Mindful seeing. True seeing is an active process, not passive reception. It involves challenging our expectations and being open to the unexpected. Studies show that when people are instructed to notice new things, they perceive more, even in familiar contexts. This "field sensitivity" allows us to integrate figure and ground, revealing new perspectives and possibilities that rigid mindsets obscure.

Embrace uncertainty. The more we believe we "know" something, the more blind we become to its nuances and potential. Science, in its quest for certainty, can inadvertently foster this illusion of stability. By embracing uncertainty, we create space for discovery and imagination. Just as an artist might intentionally vary perspective, we can actively seek out new ways of looking at the world, transforming the mundane into the mysterious and expanding our capacity for perception.

8. Cultivate Liking Through Active Engagement

The more distinctions we draw, the more we see into the essence of something.

Engagement breeds liking. We often passively wait for something to grab our attention, but we can actively choose our passions. The "mere exposure effect" demonstrates that familiarity breeds liking, but only if we continue to engage mindfully. Actively noticing new things about something—or someone—increases our appreciation and enjoyment, transforming indifference or even dislike into genuine preference.

Transforming perception. The author's experience of finding a previously unattractive lawyer suddenly appealing after extended engagement, or studies showing increased liking for disliked music or football when participants drew novel distinctions, illustrate this power. By actively seeking out new details, we expand our understanding and emotional connection, making the world more interesting and likable.

Beyond the surface. This principle extends to interpersonal relationships and even self-perception. When we mindfully engage with others, noticing their unique qualities, we break down stereotypes and foster empathy. Similarly, by actively observing ourselves, we cultivate self-liking. This active engagement, whether with art, people, or everyday objects, is a powerful tool for personal growth and happiness, allowing us to find meaning and beauty in what we might otherwise overlook.

9. Master Mindful Decision-Making: Make Choices Right, Not Just Right Choices

All our decisions are made in ignorance. If we knew what to do, we would just do it.

Decisions in ignorance. Every decision, from buying a microwave to starting a painting, is made with incomplete information. The problem isn't "not knowing," but rather the belief that we should know, which leads to stress and paralysis. Instead of striving for the "right" choice, we should focus on making the choice right through mindful engagement.

Arational approach. Decision-making is often neither purely rational nor irrational, but "arational." The complex cost-benefit analyses we believe we perform are often post-decision justifications. True mindful decision-making involves recognizing that options are psychologically equal if no clear preference exists, and then confidently making an arbitrary selection, knowing we can adapt and make it work.

Embrace uncertainty. Uncertainty is not an enemy but a friend, fostering mindfulness and control. By actively generating alternatives and recognizing the inherent advantages in each, we reduce stress and transform decision-making into an opportunity for personal growth. This approach, where we redefine options and re-evaluate outcomes as we go, empowers us to engage creatively without fear, knowing that our choices are dynamic and can be shaped by our ongoing experience.

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3.75 out of 5
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About the Author

Ellen J. Langer is a Yale PhD and Harvard Professor of Psychology renowned for her work on mindfulness. She has received numerous awards, including a Guggenheim Fellowship and three Distinguished Scientist Awards. Langer has authored eleven books and over 200 research articles, focusing on topics such as the illusion of control, perceived control, and successful aging. Her research demonstrates that actively noticing new things leads to improved health, well-being, and competence. Langer's work has been internationally recognized, and she has lectured in various countries. The American Psychological Association has praised her pioneering contributions, noting how her research offers new hope for previously considered unalterable problems.

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